What is meant by 'research design'?

'Research design' refers to the sequence and application of research methods to collect data effectively. It encompasses the overall strategy that outlines how research is conducted, including how to gather and analyze data to address specific research questions. This involves determining the type of study—such as qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods—and specifying the techniques for data collection, such as surveys, experiments, or observational methods. A well-structured research design ensures that the data collected is reliable and valid, ultimately guiding the research process from the initial question to the final findings.

The other options focus on narrower aspects of the research process. The specific tools for data analysis are part of the overall design but do not encompass its full scope. The choice of methodology alone does not fully represent the entire plan unless it includes how the methodology will be implemented. Meanwhile, interpreting collected data results is a fundamental part of research but is distinctly separate from the design phase, which is concerned with how the data will be gathered in the first place.