What is typically included in 'non-material culture'?

Non-material culture encompasses the intangible aspects of a society and includes elements such as beliefs, values, norms, languages, customs, and ideologies that shape social behavior and perceptions. This facet of culture reflects how individuals and groups think, behave, and interact within a particular societal context. For instance, the values a society holds can dictate what's considered acceptable or taboo, while beliefs influence moral judgments and motivations.

The other options center around tangible aspects or specific activities. Physical artifacts and technological advancements pertain to material culture, representing the physical objects created and utilized by a society. Landscape and environment focus on geographic and environmental features, which are not directly related to the conceptual frameworks that embody non-material culture. Economic transactions emphasize the material aspects of economic interactions and behaviors, rather than the foundational beliefs and values that govern them. Thus, understanding non-material culture is essential for grasping the deeper social and ethical dimensions of any society.