What term is used to describe the established relationships between individuals and groups based on socially recognized biological or marital links?

The term "kinship" precisely describes the established relationships between individuals and groups that arise from socially recognized biological or marital connections. Kinship systems are foundational to many societies, reflecting the ways in which people are related to one another, whether through blood (biological ties) or marriage (socially recognized unions). This concept encompasses a variety of relationships, including those among parents, children, siblings, and extended family in terms of both obligations and social roles.

In contrast, other terms provided do not capture the essence of these specific types of relationships. The "life course" refers to the stages an individual experiences throughout their lifetime, from birth to death, often examining how social institutions affect individuals at different ages but is not focused specifically on familial connections. "Life chances," a concept developed by sociologist Max Weber, relates to the opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life based on social stratification and factors like class, race, and gender, rather than family ties. "Modernisation" refers to the process of change social systems undergo as societies become more industrialized and contemporary, which may influence kinship structures but does not specifically define these individual and group relationships.

Hence, kinship is the most accurate term for the relationships based on biological or